Student unrest in Kenyan secondary schools: A documentary case study of the gap between national educational aspirations and school reality in Migori County

Abstract

This study examined the extent and severity of student unrest in public secondary schools in Migori County, Kenya, during the second term of 2026, in relation to the National Goals of Education. A qualitative documentary case study design, complemented by descriptive analysis, was employed. Data were obtained from school investigation reports and county administration records to establish the prevalence, causes and implications of unrest for school management, curriculum implementation, student welfare and security. Findings revealed that 88 (29.6%) of the 297 public secondary schools experienced unrest across 11 of the 12 sub-counties. Reported incidents included five cases of dormitory arson, 20 attempted arson incidents, 15 cases of window destruction and 48 instances of students being released following unrest. The primary trigger was students' demand for an early mid-term break, influenced partly by reports of other schools releasing learners. However, the unrest escalated into threats against staff and destruction of property, highlighting weaknesses in institutional communication, student participation, conflict management and values-based education. The study concludes that student unrest extends beyond indiscipline, reflecting broader institutional and systemic challenges. It recommends a whole-school approach incorporating effective communication, student engagement, guidance and counselling, critical thinking and proactive conflict resolution. Strengthening early-warning systems, crisis preparedness and quality assurance is also essential for safeguarding school communities, sustaining curriculum implementation and promoting peaceful learning environments aligned with national educational goals.