Integration of competency-based education in the university sector in Kenya

Abstract

This study investigates the integration of Competency-Based Education (CBE) in Kenyan institutions of higher learning and its effects on teaching, learning, and graduate employability. In response to 21st-century labor market demands, Kenya is transitioning from the traditional 8-4-4 system, which has been criticised for its theoretical and exam-oriented approach, to a learner-centred CBE framework. The study addresses five objectives: evaluating pedagogical differences, curriculum integration, implementation challenges, institutional capacity, and graduate outcomes. It is grounded in Competency-Based Education, Constructivist, and Human Capital theories. The research employs a qualitative approach and descriptive design, utilising a systematic review of recent policy documents, peer-reviewed journals, and institutional reports, analysed through thematic content analysis. Findings indicate that the 8-4-4 system is teacher-centred, whereas CBE emphasizes continuous assessment and practical competencies. Nevertheless, CBE integration in Kenyan universities is incomplete and inconsistent. Major obstacles include insufficient lecturer training, large class sizes, limited funding, resistance to change, and inadequate infrastructure. Despite these barriers, CBE shows significant potential to enhance essential soft and technical skills, including teamwork, problem solving, communication, and critical thinking, which are expected to improve graduate employability, although empirical evidence remains limited. The study concludes that CBE provides a more relevant educational approach than the 8-4-4 system, contingent upon addressing key implementation barriers. It recommends that the government and universities invest in professional and infrastructural development, reform curriculum and assessment methods, and strengthen industrial collaborations to better align education with labor market requirements. This research offers strategic insights for stakeholders seeking to enhance the quality of higher education in Kenya.